Matplotlib Arrow Guide: Annotate Plots with Ease

Introduction

Arrows are often used to annotate plots. This tutorial shows how to plot arrows that behave differently when the data limits on a plot are changed.

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Skills Graph

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Head shape fixed in display space, anchor points fixed in data space

This is useful if you are annotating a plot, and don't want the arrow to change shape or position if you pan or scale the plot.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches

x_tail = 0.1
y_tail = 0.5
x_head = 0.9
y_head = 0.8
dx = x_head - x_tail
dy = y_head - y_tail

fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=2)
arrow = mpatches.FancyArrowPatch((x_tail, y_tail), (x_head, y_head),
                                 mutation_scale=100)
axs[0].add_patch(arrow)

arrow = mpatches.FancyArrowPatch((x_tail, y_tail), (x_head, y_head),
                                 mutation_scale=100)
axs[1].add_patch(arrow)
axs[1].set(xlim=(0, 2), ylim=(0, 2))

plt.show()

Head shape and anchor points fixed in display space

This is useful if you are annotating a plot, and don't want the arrow to change shape or position if you pan or scale the plot.

fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=2)
arrow = mpatches.FancyArrowPatch((x_tail, y_tail), (x_head, y_head),
                                 mutation_scale=100,
                                 transform=axs[0].transAxes)
axs[0].add_patch(arrow)

arrow = mpatches.FancyArrowPatch((x_tail, y_tail), (x_head, y_head),
                                 mutation_scale=100,
                                 transform=axs[1].transAxes)
axs[1].add_patch(arrow)
axs[1].set(xlim=(0, 2), ylim=(0, 2))

plt.show()

Entire patch fixed in data space

fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=2)

arrow = mpatches.Arrow(x_tail, y_tail, dx, dy)
axs[0].add_patch(arrow)

arrow = mpatches.FancyArrow(x_tail, y_tail - .4, dx, dy,
                            width=.1, length_includes_head=True, color="C1")
axs[0].add_patch(arrow)

axs[0].arrow(x_tail + 1, y_tail - .4, dx, dy,
             width=.1, length_includes_head=True, color="C2")

arrow = mpatches.Arrow(x_tail, y_tail, dx, dy)
axs[1].add_patch(arrow)

arrow = mpatches.FancyArrow(x_tail, y_tail - .4, dx, dy,
                            width=.1, length_includes_head=True, color="C1")
axs[1].add_patch(arrow)

axs[1].arrow(x_tail + 1, y_tail - .4, dx, dy,
             width=.1, length_includes_head=True, color="C2")
axs[1].set(xlim=(0, 2), ylim=(0, 2))

plt.show()

Summary

This tutorial showed how to plot arrows that behave differently when the data limits on a plot are changed. It covered three use cases for plotting arrows, depending on whether the head or anchor points need to be fixed in data or display space. These use cases can be useful for annotating plots and ensuring that the arrow stays in the correct position even if the plot is panned or scaled.

Matplotlib Arrow Guide