Python Matplotlib | Horizontal Bar Chart Tutorial

Introduction

In this lab, we will learn how to create a horizontal bar chart using Python's Matplotlib library. We will use the example of gym teachers wanting to show parents how their child did across a handful of fitness tests, relative to other children. We will make up some data for little Johnny Doe to extract the plotting code for demo purposes.

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Skills Graph

%%%%{init: {'theme':'neutral'}}%%%% flowchart RL matplotlib(("`Matplotlib`")) -.-> matplotlib/BasicConceptsGroup(["`Basic Concepts`"]) matplotlib(("`Matplotlib`")) -.-> matplotlib/AdvancedPlottingGroup(["`Advanced Plotting`"]) matplotlib(("`Matplotlib`")) -.-> matplotlib/PlotCustomizationGroup(["`Plot Customization`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/BasicConceptsGroup(["`Basic Concepts`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/ControlFlowGroup(["`Control Flow`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/DataStructuresGroup(["`Data Structures`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/FunctionsGroup(["`Functions`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/ModulesandPackagesGroup(["`Modules and Packages`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/PythonStandardLibraryGroup(["`Python Standard Library`"]) python(("`Python`")) -.-> python/DataScienceandMachineLearningGroup(["`Data Science and Machine Learning`"]) matplotlib/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> matplotlib/importing_matplotlib("`Importing Matplotlib`") matplotlib/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> matplotlib/figures_axes("`Understanding Figures and Axes`") matplotlib/AdvancedPlottingGroup -.-> matplotlib/secondary_axis("`Secondary Axis`") matplotlib/PlotCustomizationGroup -.-> matplotlib/line_styles_colors("`Customizing Line Styles and Colors`") matplotlib/PlotCustomizationGroup -.-> matplotlib/titles_labels("`Adding Titles and Labels`") matplotlib/PlotCustomizationGroup -.-> matplotlib/grid_config("`Grid Configuration`") python/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> python/variables_data_types("`Variables and Data Types`") python/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> python/strings("`Strings`") python/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> python/booleans("`Booleans`") python/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> python/type_conversion("`Type Conversion`") python/ControlFlowGroup -.-> python/conditional_statements("`Conditional Statements`") python/ControlFlowGroup -.-> python/for_loops("`For Loops`") python/ControlFlowGroup -.-> python/list_comprehensions("`List Comprehensions`") python/DataStructuresGroup -.-> python/lists("`Lists`") python/DataStructuresGroup -.-> python/tuples("`Tuples`") python/DataStructuresGroup -.-> python/dictionaries("`Dictionaries`") python/DataStructuresGroup -.-> python/sets("`Sets`") python/FunctionsGroup -.-> python/function_definition("`Function Definition`") python/ModulesandPackagesGroup -.-> python/importing_modules("`Importing Modules`") python/ModulesandPackagesGroup -.-> python/using_packages("`Using Packages`") python/ModulesandPackagesGroup -.-> python/standard_libraries("`Common Standard Libraries`") python/PythonStandardLibraryGroup -.-> python/data_collections("`Data Collections`") python/DataScienceandMachineLearningGroup -.-> python/numerical_computing("`Numerical Computing`") python/DataScienceandMachineLearningGroup -.-> python/data_visualization("`Data Visualization`") python/FunctionsGroup -.-> python/build_in_functions("`Build-in Functions`") subgraph Lab Skills matplotlib/importing_matplotlib -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} matplotlib/figures_axes -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} matplotlib/secondary_axis -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} matplotlib/line_styles_colors -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} matplotlib/titles_labels -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} matplotlib/grid_config -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/variables_data_types -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/strings -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/booleans -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/type_conversion -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/conditional_statements -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/for_loops -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/list_comprehensions -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/lists -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/tuples -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/dictionaries -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/sets -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/function_definition -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/importing_modules -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/using_packages -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/standard_libraries -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/data_collections -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/numerical_computing -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/data_visualization -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} python/build_in_functions -.-> lab-48578{{"`Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart`"}} end

Import Libraries

We begin by importing the necessary libraries. We will use numpy to create our data, and matplotlib.pyplot to plot our graph.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

Define the Data

We define our data using named tuples. We define a Student tuple with the student's name, grade, and gender. We also define a Score tuple with the score value, unit, and percentile.

from collections import namedtuple

Student = namedtuple('Student', ['name', 'grade', 'gender'])
Score = namedtuple('Score', ['value', 'unit', 'percentile'])

Define Helper Functions

We define two helper functions. The first function, to_ordinal, converts an integer to an ordinal string (e.g. 2 -> '2nd'). The second function, format_score, creates score labels for the right y-axis as the test name followed by the measurement unit (if any), split over two lines.

def to_ordinal(num):
    suffixes = {str(i): v
                for i, v in enumerate(['th', 'st', 'nd', 'rd', 'th',
                                       'th', 'th', 'th', 'th', 'th'])}
    v = str(num)
    if v in {'11', '12', '13'}:
        return v + 'th'
    return v + suffixes[v[-1]]

def format_score(score):
    return f'{score.value}\n{score.unit}' if score.unit else str(score.value)

Define the Plotting Function

We define a function called plot_student_results that takes in a Student tuple, a dictionary of scores by test, and the cohort size. This function creates a horizontal bar chart of the percentile rankings for each test, relative to the student's grade and gender cohort.

def plot_student_results(student, scores_by_test, cohort_size):
    fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 7), layout='constrained')
    fig.canvas.manager.set_window_title('Fitness Chart')

    ax1.set_title(student.name)
    ax1.set_xlabel(
        'Percentile Ranking Across {grade} Grade {gender}s\n'
        'Cohort Size: {cohort_size}'.format(
            grade=to_ordinal(student.grade),
            gender=student.gender.title(),
            cohort_size=cohort_size))

    test_names = list(scores_by_test.keys())
    percentiles = [score.percentile for score in scores_by_test.values()]

    rects = ax1.barh(test_names, percentiles, align='center', height=0.5)

    large_percentiles = [to_ordinal(p) if p > 40 else '' for p in percentiles]
    small_percentiles = [to_ordinal(p) if p <= 40 else '' for p in percentiles]
    ax1.bar_label(rects, small_percentiles,
                  padding=5, color='black', fontweight='bold')
    ax1.bar_label(rects, large_percentiles,
                  padding=-32, color='white', fontweight='bold')

    ax1.set_xlim([0, 100])
    ax1.set_xticks([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
    ax1.xaxis.grid(True, linestyle='--', which='major',
                   color='grey', alpha=.25)
    ax1.axvline(50, color='grey', alpha=0.25)

    ax2 = ax1.twinx()
    ax2.set_ylim(ax1.get_ylim())
    ax2.set_yticks(
        np.arange(len(scores_by_test)),
        labels=[format_score(score) for score in scores_by_test.values()])

    ax2.set_ylabel('Test Scores')

Define the Data for the Plot

We define the data for the plot using the named tuples we defined earlier. We create a Student tuple for Johnny Doe, and a dictionary of Score tuples for each test.

student = Student(name='Johnny Doe', grade=2, gender='Boy')
scores_by_test = {
    'Pacer Test': Score(7, 'laps', percentile=37),
    'Flexed Arm\n Hang': Score(48, 'sec', percentile=95),
    'Mile Run': Score('12:52', 'min:sec', percentile=73),
    'Agility': Score(17, 'sec', percentile=60),
    'Push Ups': Score(14, '', percentile=16),
}

Plot the Data

We call the plot_student_results function with the student data, scores by test, and cohort size as arguments, and then we call plt.show() to display the plot.

plot_student_results(student, scores_by_test, cohort_size=62)
plt.show()

Summary

In this lab, we learned how to create a horizontal bar chart using Python's Matplotlib library. We used an example of gym teachers wanting to show parents how their child did across a handful of fitness tests, relative to other children. We defined our data using named tuples, and we defined helper functions to convert integers to ordinal strings and to create score labels for the right y-axis. We defined a plotting function that creates a horizontal bar chart of the percentile rankings for each test, relative to the student's grade and gender cohort. We then called the plotting function with our data and displayed the plot.

Creating a Percentiles Horizontal Bar Chart