Compressive Sensing Image Reconstruction

Introduction

This lab demonstrates the reconstruction of a sparse image from a set of parallel projections using compressive sensing. Compressive sensing is a technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing signals that are sparse in some domain. In this case, we are interested in reconstructing a 2D image from a small number of projections acquired along different angles. We will compare the performance of L1 and L2 penalization methods for this task.

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Skills Graph

Import Libraries

In this step, we will import the necessary libraries.

import numpy as np
from scipy import sparse
from scipy import ndimage
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Define Helper Functions

In this step, we will define helper functions to generate the tomography design matrix and create synthetic binary data.

def _weights(x, dx=1, orig=0):
    x = np.ravel(x)
    floor_x = np.floor((x - orig) / dx).astype(np.int64)
    alpha = (x - orig - floor_x * dx) / dx
    return np.hstack((floor_x, floor_x + 1)), np.hstack((1 - alpha, alpha))

def _generate_center_coordinates(l_x):
    X, Y = np.mgrid[:l_x, :l_x].astype(np.float64)
    center = l_x / 2.0
    X += 0.5 - center
    Y += 0.5 - center
    return X, Y

def build_projection_operator(l_x, n_dir):
    X, Y = _generate_center_coordinates(l_x)
    angles = np.linspace(0, np.pi, n_dir, endpoint=False)
    data_inds, weights, camera_inds = [], [], []
    data_unravel_indices = np.arange(l_x**2)
    data_unravel_indices = np.hstack((data_unravel_indices, data_unravel_indices))
    for i, angle in enumerate(angles):
        Xrot = np.cos(angle) * X - np.sin(angle) * Y
        inds, w = _weights(Xrot, dx=1, orig=X.min())
        mask = np.logical_and(inds >= 0, inds < l_x)
        weights += list(w[mask])
        camera_inds += list(inds[mask] + i * l_x)
        data_inds += list(data_unravel_indices[mask])
    proj_operator = sparse.coo_matrix((weights, (camera_inds, data_inds)))
    return proj_operator

def generate_synthetic_data():
    rs = np.random.RandomState(0)
    n_pts = 36
    x, y = np.ogrid[0:l, 0:l]
    mask_outer = (x - l / 2.0) ** 2 + (y - l / 2.0) ** 2 < (l / 2.0) ** 2
    mask = np.zeros((l, l))
    points = l * rs.rand(2, n_pts)
    mask[(points[0]).astype(int), (points[1]).astype(int)] = 1
    mask = ndimage.gaussian_filter(mask, sigma=l / n_pts)
    res = np.logical_and(mask > mask.mean(), mask_outer)
    return np.logical_xor(res, ndimage.binary_erosion(res))

Generate Data

In this step, we will generate synthetic binary data and projections.

l = 128
proj_operator = build_projection_operator(l, l // 7)
data = generate_synthetic_data()
proj = proj_operator @ data.ravel()[:, np.newaxis]
proj += 0.15 * np.random.randn(*proj.shape)

Reconstruct Image with L2 Penalization

In this step, we will reconstruct the image using L2 (Ridge) penalization.

rgr_ridge = Ridge(alpha=0.2)
rgr_ridge.fit(proj_operator, proj.ravel())
rec_l2 = rgr_ridge.coef_.reshape(l, l)

Reconstruct Image with L1 Penalization

In this step, we will reconstruct the image using L1 (Lasso) penalization.

rgr_lasso = Lasso(alpha=0.001)
rgr_lasso.fit(proj_operator, proj.ravel())
rec_l1 = rgr_lasso.coef_.reshape(l, l)

Visualize Results

In this step, we will visualize the original image and the reconstructed images using L2 and L1 penalization.

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 3.3))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.imshow(data, cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation="nearest")
plt.axis("off")
plt.title("Original Image")
plt.subplot(132)
plt.imshow(rec_l2, cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation="nearest")
plt.title("L2 Penalization")
plt.axis("off")
plt.subplot(133)
plt.imshow(rec_l1, cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation="nearest")
plt.title("L1 Penalization")
plt.axis("off")

plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.01, wspace=0.01, top=1, bottom=0, left=0, right=1)

plt.show()

Summary

In this lab, we demonstrated the use of compressive sensing for reconstructing a 2D image from a small number of projections acquired along different angles. We compared the performance of L1 and L2 penalization methods and observed that L1 penalization produces a better result with less artifacts.