Creating Matplotlib Timeline Visualizations

Introduction

In this lab, you will learn how to create a simple timeline using Matplotlib release dates. A timeline is a graphical representation of a sequence of events in chronological order. Timelines can be created with a collection of dates and text. In this example, we will show how to create a simple timeline using the dates for recent releases of Matplotlib.

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Skills Graph

Fetching Data

To create a timeline, we need to fetch data such as dates and names. In this example, we will use the Matplotlib releases and their dates from GitHub. If the data cannot be fetched due to any reason, we will use fallback data as a backup. Here is the code for fetching data:

from datetime import datetime

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.dates as mdates

try:
    ## Try to fetch a list of Matplotlib releases and their dates
    ## from https://api.github.com/repos/matplotlib/matplotlib/releases
    import json
    import urllib.request

    url = 'https://api.github.com/repos/matplotlib/matplotlib/releases'
    url += '?per_page=100'
    data = json.loads(urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=1).read().decode())

    dates = []
    names = []
    for item in data:
        if 'rc' not in item['tag_name'] and 'b' not in item['tag_name']:
            dates.append(item['published_at'].split("T")[0])
            names.append(item['tag_name'])
    ## Convert date strings (e.g. 2014-10-18) to datetime
    dates = [datetime.strptime(d, "%Y-%m-%d") for d in dates]

except Exception:
    ## In case the above fails, e.g. because of missing internet connection
    ## use the following lists as fallback.
    names = ['v2.2.4', 'v3.0.3', 'v3.0.2', 'v3.0.1', 'v3.0.0', 'v2.2.3',
             'v2.2.2', 'v2.2.1', 'v2.2.0', 'v2.1.2', 'v2.1.1', 'v2.1.0',
             'v2.0.2', 'v2.0.1', 'v2.0.0', 'v1.5.3', 'v1.5.2', 'v1.5.1',
             'v1.5.0', 'v1.4.3', 'v1.4.2', 'v1.4.1', 'v1.4.0']

    dates = ['2019-02-26', '2019-02-26', '2018-11-10', '2018-11-10',
             '2018-09-18', '2018-08-10', '2018-03-17', '2018-03-16',
             '2018-03-06', '2018-01-18', '2017-12-10', '2017-10-07',
             '2017-05-10', '2017-05-02', '2017-01-17', '2016-09-09',
             '2016-07-03', '2016-01-10', '2015-10-29', '2015-02-16',
             '2014-10-26', '2014-10-18', '2014-08-26']

    ## Convert date strings (e.g. 2014-10-18) to datetime
    dates = [datetime.strptime(d, "%Y-%m-%d") for d in dates]

Creating a Stem Plot

Next, we will create a stem plot with some variation in levels as to distinguish even close-by events. We add markers on the baseline for visual emphasis on the one-dimensional nature of the timeline. For each event, we add a text label via ~.Axes.annotate, which is offset in units of points from the tip of the event line. Here is the code for creating a stem plot:

## Choose some nice levels
levels = np.tile([-5, 5, -3, 3, -1, 1],
                 int(np.ceil(len(dates)/6)))[:len(dates)]

## Create figure and plot a stem plot with the date
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8.8, 4), layout="constrained")
ax.set(title="Matplotlib release dates")

ax.vlines(dates, 0, levels, color="tab:red")  ## The vertical stems.
ax.plot(dates, np.zeros_like(dates), "-o",
        color="k", markerfacecolor="w")  ## Baseline and markers on it.

## annotate lines
for d, l, r in zip(dates, levels, names):
    ax.annotate(r, xy=(d, l),
                xytext=(-3, np.sign(l)*3), textcoords="offset points",
                horizontalalignment="right",
                verticalalignment="bottom" if l > 0 else "top")

Formatting the Plot

Now, we will format the plot by adding x-axis and y-axis labels, setting x-axis major locator and formatter, and removing y-axis and spines. Here is the code for formatting the plot:

## format x-axis with 4-month intervals
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mdates.MonthLocator(interval=4))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(mdates.DateFormatter("%b %Y"))
plt.setp(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=30, ha="right")

## remove y-axis and spines
ax.yaxis.set_visible(False)
ax.spines[["left", "top", "right"]].set_visible(False)

ax.margins(y=0.1)
plt.show()

Putting it all Together

Here is the final code for creating a simple timeline using Matplotlib release dates:

from datetime import datetime

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.dates as mdates

try:
    ## Try to fetch a list of Matplotlib releases and their dates
    ## from https://api.github.com/repos/matplotlib/matplotlib/releases
    import json
    import urllib.request

    url = 'https://api.github.com/repos/matplotlib/matplotlib/releases'
    url += '?per_page=100'
    data = json.loads(urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=1).read().decode())

    dates = []
    names = []
    for item in data:
        if 'rc' not in item['tag_name'] and 'b' not in item['tag_name']:
            dates.append(item['published_at'].split("T")[0])
            names.append(item['tag_name'])
    ## Convert date strings (e.g. 2014-10-18) to datetime
    dates = [datetime.strptime(d, "%Y-%m-%d") for d in dates]

except Exception:
    ## In case the above fails, e.g. because of missing internet connection
    ## use the following lists as fallback.
    names = ['v2.2.4', 'v3.0.3', 'v3.0.2', 'v3.0.1', 'v3.0.0', 'v2.2.3',
             'v2.2.2', 'v2.2.1', 'v2.2.0', 'v2.1.2', 'v2.1.1', 'v2.1.0',
             'v2.0.2', 'v2.0.1', 'v2.0.0', 'v1.5.3', 'v1.5.2', 'v1.5.1',
             'v1.5.0', 'v1.4.3', 'v1.4.2', 'v1.4.1', 'v1.4.0']

    dates = ['2019-02-26', '2019-02-26', '2018-11-10', '2018-11-10',
             '2018-09-18', '2018-08-10', '2018-03-17', '2018-03-16',
             '2018-03-06', '2018-01-18', '2017-12-10', '2017-10-07',
             '2017-05-10', '2017-05-02', '2017-01-17', '2016-09-09',
             '2016-07-03', '2016-01-10', '2015-10-29', '2015-02-16',
             '2014-10-26', '2014-10-18', '2014-08-26']

    ## Convert date strings (e.g. 2014-10-18) to datetime
    dates = [datetime.strptime(d, "%Y-%m-%d") for d in dates]

## Choose some nice levels
levels = np.tile([-5, 5, -3, 3, -1, 1],
                 int(np.ceil(len(dates)/6)))[:len(dates)]

## Create figure and plot a stem plot with the date
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8.8, 4), layout="constrained")
ax.set(title="Matplotlib release dates")

ax.vlines(dates, 0, levels, color="tab:red")  ## The vertical stems.
ax.plot(dates, np.zeros_like(dates), "-o",
        color="k", markerfacecolor="w")  ## Baseline and markers on it.

## annotate lines
for d, l, r in zip(dates, levels, names):
    ax.annotate(r, xy=(d, l),
                xytext=(-3, np.sign(l)*3), textcoords="offset points",
                horizontalalignment="right",
                verticalalignment="bottom" if l > 0 else "top")

## format x-axis with 4-month intervals
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mdates.MonthLocator(interval=4))
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(mdates.DateFormatter("%b %Y"))
plt.setp(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=30, ha="right")

## remove y-axis and spines
ax.yaxis.set_visible(False)
ax.spines[["left", "top", "right"]].set_visible(False)

ax.margins(y=0.1)
plt.show()

Summary

In this lab, you have learned how to create a simple timeline using Matplotlib release dates. You have learned how to fetch data, create a stem plot, format the plot, and put it all together. Timelines can be used to visualize any sequence of events in chronological order.