How to monitor system performance?

To monitor system performance in Linux, you can use various command-line tools that provide insights into CPU, memory, disk, and network usage. Here are some commonly used tools and commands:

1. top

Displays real-time information about system processes, including CPU and memory usage.

top

2. htop

An enhanced version of top with a more user-friendly interface. You may need to install it first.

htop

3. vmstat

Provides information about processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU activity.

vmstat 1 5  # Displays stats every second for 5 seconds

4. iostat

Monitors CPU and I/O statistics for devices and partitions.

iostat -x 1  # Displays extended I/O stats every second

5. free

Displays memory usage, including total, used, free, and swap memory.

free -h  # Displays memory in a human-readable format

6. sar

Collects and reports system activity information, including CPU, memory, and I/O statistics.

sar -u 1 5  # Displays CPU usage every second for 5 seconds

7. netstat or ss

Monitors network connections and statistics.

netstat -tuln  # Displays active listening ports
ss -tuln  # A modern alternative to netstat

8. df

Displays disk space usage for file systems.

df -h  # Displays disk usage in a human-readable format

9. du

Shows disk usage for specific directories or files.

du -sh /path/to/directory  # Displays total size of the specified directory

10. nload

A real-time network traffic monitor that shows incoming and outgoing traffic.

nload

11. glances

A comprehensive monitoring tool that provides a summary of various system metrics. You may need to install it first.

glances

These tools can help you effectively monitor system performance, identify bottlenecks, and troubleshoot issues in a Linux environment.