How do these functions work?

Here’s a brief overview of how each of these functions works:

1. getattr(object, name[, default]):

   • This function retrieves the value of the named attribute from the given object.
   • If the attribute does not exist, it returns the value specified by the default parameter if provided; otherwise, it raises an AttributeError.
   • Example:

     class MyClass:
         def __init__(self):
             self.attribute = 'value'
     
     obj = MyClass()
     print(getattr(obj, 'attribute'))  # Output: value
     print(getattr(obj, 'nonexistent', 'default'))  # Output: default

2. setattr(object, name, value):

   • This function sets the value of the named attribute on the given object.
   • If the attribute does not exist, it creates it.
   • Example:

     class MyClass:
         pass
     
     obj = MyClass()
     setattr(obj, 'attribute', 'value')
     print(obj.attribute)  # Output: value

3. delattr(object, name):

   • This function deletes the named attribute from the given object.
   • If the attribute does not exist, it raises an AttributeError.
   • Example:

     class MyClass:
         def __init__(self):
             self.attribute = 'value'
     
     obj = MyClass()
     delattr(obj, 'attribute')
     # print(obj.attribute)  # This would raise an AttributeError

4. hasattr(object, name):

   • This function checks if the named attribute exists on the given object.
   • It returns True if the attribute exists, and False otherwise.
   • Example:

     class MyClass:
         def __init__(self):
             self.attribute = 'value'
     
     obj = MyClass()
     print(hasattr(obj, 'attribute'))  # Output: True
     print(hasattr(obj, 'nonexistent'))  # Output: False

These functions are useful for dynamic attribute manipulation in Python objects.