Explain basic shell commands.

Basic shell commands are fundamental commands used in a command-line interface to perform various tasks. Here are some of the most common ones:

1. pwd:

   • Stands for "print working directory."
   • Displays the current directory you are in.

2. ls:

   • Lists files and directories in the current directory.
   • Options like -l (long format) and -a (include hidden files) can be used.

3. cd:

   • Stands for "change directory."
   • Used to navigate between directories. For example, cd /path/to/directory.

4. mkdir:

   • Stands for "make directory."
   • Creates a new directory. For example, mkdir new_folder.

5. rm:

   • Stands for "remove."
   • Deletes files or directories. Use -r for recursive deletion of directories.

6. cp:

   • Stands for "copy."
   • Copies files or directories. For example, cp source.txt destination.txt.

7. mv:

   • Stands for "move."
   • Moves or renames files or directories. For example, mv oldname.txt newname.txt.

8. echo:

   • Displays a line of text or the value of a variable.
   • Example: echo "Hello, World!".

9. cat:

   • Concatenates and displays the content of files.
   • Example: cat file.txt.

10. man:

    • Displays the manual page for a command.
    • Example: man ls shows the manual for the ls command.

These commands form the basis of interacting with the shell and performing file management and navigation tasks.