使用 Hashcat 破解 WPA/WPA2 握手

引言

WPA/WPA2 是一种用于保护无线网络的常用安全协议。然而，如果使用弱预共享密钥 (PSK)，它可能会容易受到离线破解攻击。此过程涉及捕获设备连接到网络时发生的“握手”，然后使用工具猜测密码。

在本实验中，你将学习如何使用 Hashcat，这是世界上最快、最先进的密码恢复工具之一，来破解 WPA/WPA2 握手。我们将使用一个预先捕获的握手文件和一个简单的单词列表来模拟真实场景。通过本实验的结束，你将理解针对 Wi-Fi 网络的字典攻击的基本步骤。

理解 WPA WPA2 破解过程

在本步骤中，我们将介绍破解 WPA/WPA2 网络背后的理论。在深入实际命令之前，这种概念性的理解至关重要。

WPA/WPA2 网络的安全性依赖于预共享密钥 (PSK)，也就是你连接时输入的 Wi-Fi 密码。当新设备连接到网络时，它会与接入点 (路由器) 进行“4 方式握手”，以验证设备和网络都拥有正确的 PSK。

这个握手过程正是我们感兴趣的。在握手过程中交换的消息包含 PSK 的哈希版本。它们不包含明文密码本身。

破解过程如下所示：

1. 捕获 (Capture): 攻击者从空中捕获 4 方式握手数据包。
2. 离线攻击 (Offline Attack): 捕获的握手被保存到文件中。
3. 猜测与比对 (Guess and Compare): 像 Hashcat 这样的工具会从单词列表中获取一个密码猜测值，应用路由器使用的相同复杂哈希算法，并将结果与捕获文件中的哈希进行比对。
4. 匹配 (Match): 如果哈希值匹配，则猜测的密码就是正确的密码。

这被称为“离线字典攻击”，因为破解过程发生在攻击者自己的计算机上，无需与实时网络进行任何进一步的交互，而是使用一个包含可能密码的字典（单词列表）。

本实验将重点关注步骤 3 和 4，使用一个预先捕获的握手文件。

检查 Hashcat 就绪的握手文件

在本步骤中，我们将检查为破解会话准备的文件。为了进行高效攻击，Hashcat 要求捕获的握手文件采用特定格式：.hc22000。

在本实验中，一个名为 handshake.hc22000 的文件已被创建并放置在你的 ~/project 目录中。该文件包含 4 方式握手的所有必要信息（如 MAC 地址、nonce 和哈希化的 PSK），其格式经过高度优化，适合 Hashcat 处理。

首先，让我们验证握手文件和我们的单词列表是否存在。使用 ls -l 命令列出当前目录中的文件。

ls -l

你应该会看到 handshake.hc22000 文件和 wordlist.txt 文件。

-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex  311 Dec 01 12:00 handshake.hc22000
-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex   45 Dec 01 12:00 wordlist.txt

你也可以使用 cat 命令查看 handshake.hc22000 文件的内容。

cat handshake.hc22000

输出将是单行文本，不易被人眼直接阅读。该字符串包含握手的全部组件，以星号 (*) 分隔，已准备好供 Hashcat 处理。

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为 WPA WPA2 选择正确的哈希模式

在本步骤中，我们需要告知 Hashcat 我们正在尝试破解的哈希类型。Hashcat 支持数百种不同的哈希算法，每种算法都有一个唯一的模式编号进行标识。

要为我们的 .hc22000 文件找到正确的模式，我们可以查阅 Hashcat 的帮助菜单。我们将使用 grep 命令过滤输出中的“WPA”来快速找到所需信息。

在你的终端中执行以下命令：

hashcat --help | grep "WPA"

此命令将显示所有与 WPA/WPA2 相关的哈希模式。

...
22000 | WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL      | Network Protocols
...

从输出中，我们可以看到 WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL 的模式是 22000。这是专门为 .hc22000 文件设计的模式，该文件可以包含完整的 EAPOL 握手或 PMKID。这是我们将在下一步使用的模式。

对握手文件发起字典攻击

在本步骤中，我们将使用 Hashcat 发起字典攻击。我们已经具备了所有必需的组件：哈希文件、单词列表和正确的哈希模式。

字典攻击的工作原理是遍历 wordlist.txt 中的每个单词，对其进行哈希处理，然后与 handshake.hc22000 中的哈希进行比较。

让我们构建完整的命令。我们将使用 -m 标志来指定我们在上一步找到的模式。

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 wordlist.txt

让我们分解一下这个命令：

• hashcat: 我们正在运行的程序。
• -m 22000: 指定哈希模式（WPA/WPA2）。
• handshake.hc22000: 我们想要破解的目标哈希文件。
• wordlist.txt: 包含密码候选词的字典文件。

现在，运行该命令。Hashcat 将启动，初始化其后端，并开始攻击。

hashcat (v6.2.x) starting...

...

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Running
Hash.Name........: WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL
Hash.Target......: handshake.hc22000
Time.Started.....: ...
Time.Estimated...: ...
Guess.Base.......: File (wordlist.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.#1.........:   XXXXX H/s (XX.xxms) @ Accel:X Loops:X
Recovered........: 0/1 (0.00%) Digests, 0/1 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 7/7 (100.00%)
Rejected.........: 0/7 (0.00%)
Restore.Point....: 7/7 (100.00%)
Restore.Sub.#1...: Salt:0 Amplifier:0-1 Iteration:0-1
Candidates.#1....: test -> root
Hardware.Mon.#1..: Temp: Xc Fan: X% Util: X% Core:XMHz Mem:XMHz Bus:X

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Cracked
...

片刻之后，状态将从 Running 变为 Cracked。这表明 Hashcat 已成功在你的单词列表中找到了密码。

识别破解出的预共享密钥

在本步骤中，我们将查看 Hashcat 成功恢复出的密码。

当 Hashcat 破解一个哈希时，它会将结果保存在一个名为“potfile”的文件中（默认位于 ~/.local/share/hashcat/hashcat.potfile）。这可以防止你将来浪费时间重复破解相同的哈希。

查看破解出密码的最简单方法是使用 Hashcat 的 --show 选项。此命令会检查 potfile 中与输入哈希文件匹配的任何已破解哈希，并显示它们。

运行以下命令：

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 --show

输出将显示你文件中的原始哈希字符串，后跟一个冒号，然后是破解出的明文密码。

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总结

恭喜你完成了本次实验！你已成功使用 Hashcat 破解了一个 WPA/WPA2 预共享密钥。

在本次实验中，你学会了：

• 理解 WPA/WPA2 握手破解攻击的基本原理。
• 识别 Hashcat 使用的 .hc22000 文件格式。
• 确定 WPA/WPA2 攻击的正确 Hashcat 模式 (-m 22000)。
• 使用哈希文件和单词列表发起字典攻击。
• 使用 --show 命令查看恢复出的密码。

本次练习展示了为你的 Wi-Fi 网络使用强壮、复杂的密码的重要性，因为简单的密码很容易被字典攻击发现。你现在可以探索更多高级的 Hashcat 功能，例如不同的攻击模式（如暴力破解）和基于规则的攻击。