Hashcat 으로 WPA WPA2 핸드셰이크 크랙하기

소개

WPA/WPA2는 무선 네트워크를 보호하는 데 사용되는 일반적인 보안 프로토콜입니다. 하지만 약한 사전 공유 키 (PSK) 를 사용하면 오프라인 크래킹 공격에 취약해질 수 있습니다. 이 과정은 장치가 네트워크에 연결될 때 발생하는 "핸드셰이크 (handshake)"를 캡처한 다음, 도구를 사용하여 비밀번호를 추측하는 것을 포함합니다.

이 실습에서는 세계에서 가장 빠르고 진보된 비밀번호 복구 도구 중 하나인 Hashcat 을 사용하여 WPA/WPA2 핸드셰이크를 크래킹하는 방법을 배우게 됩니다. 실제 시나리오를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 미리 캡처된 핸드셰이크 파일과 간단한 단어 목록 (wordlist) 을 사용할 것입니다. 이 실습이 끝나면 Wi-Fi 네트워크에 대한 사전 공격 (dictionary attack) 의 기본 단계를 이해하게 될 것입니다.

WPA WPA2 크래킹 프로세스 이해

이 단계에서는 WPA/WPA2 네트워크 크래킹의 이론을 다룹니다. 실습 명령으로 들어가기 전에 이러한 개념적 이해가 중요합니다.

WPA/WPA2 네트워크의 보안은 사전 공유 키 (PSK) 에 의존하며, 이는 연결하기 위해 입력하는 Wi-Fi 비밀번호입니다. 새 장치가 네트워크에 연결될 때 액세스 포인트 (라우터) 와 "4-way handshake"를 수행하여 장치와 네트워크 모두 올바른 PSK 를 가지고 있는지 확인합니다.

이 핸드셰이크 과정이 우리에게 중요한 부분입니다. 핸드셰이크 중에 교환되는 메시지에는 PSK 의 해시된 버전이 포함되어 있습니다. 평문 비밀번호 자체는 포함되어 있지 않습니다.

크래킹 프로세스는 다음과 같이 작동합니다.

1. 캡처 (Capture): 공격자는 공중에서 4-way handshake 패킷을 캡처합니다.
2. 오프라인 공격 (Offline Attack): 캡처된 핸드셰이크는 파일에 저장됩니다.
3. 추측 및 비교 (Guess and Compare): Hashcat 과 같은 도구는 단어 목록 (wordlist) 에서 비밀번호 추측값을 가져와 라우터가 사용하는 것과 동일한 복잡한 해싱 알고리즘을 적용하고, 그 결과를 캡처된 파일의 해시와 비교합니다.
4. 일치 (Match): 해시가 일치하면 추측된 비밀번호가 올바른 비밀번호입니다.

이것은 "오프라인 사전 공격 (offline dictionary attack)"이라고 불리는데, 크래킹이 공격자의 컴퓨터에서 라이브 네트워크와의 추가적인 상호 작용 없이, 가능한 비밀번호 사전 (단어 목록) 을 사용하여 수행되기 때문입니다.

이 실습에서는 미리 캡처된 핸드셰이크 파일을 사용하여 3 단계와 4 단계에 집중할 것입니다.

Hashcat 준비 핸드셰이크 파일 검토

이 단계에서는 크래킹 세션을 위해 준비된 파일을 검토합니다. 효율적인 공격을 위해 Hashcat 은 캡처된 핸드셰이크가 특정 형식인 .hc22000으로 되어 있어야 합니다.

이 실습을 위해 handshake.hc22000이라는 파일이 이미 생성되어 ~/project 디렉토리에 배치되었습니다. 이 파일에는 4-way handshake 의 모든 필수 정보 (MAC 주소, nonce, 해시된 PSK 등) 가 Hashcat 에 최적화된 형식으로 포함되어 있습니다.

먼저 핸드셰이크 파일과 단어 목록 (wordlist) 이 존재하는지 확인해 보겠습니다. ls -l 명령을 사용하여 현재 디렉토리의 파일을 나열합니다.

ls -l

handshake.hc22000 파일과 wordlist.txt 파일이 보여야 합니다.

-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex  311 Dec 01 12:00 handshake.hc22000
-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex   45 Dec 01 12:00 wordlist.txt

cat 명령을 사용하여 handshake.hc22000 파일의 내용도 볼 수 있습니다.

cat handshake.hc22000

출력은 사람이 쉽게 읽을 수 없는 단일 줄의 텍스트입니다. 이 문자열에는 핸드셰이크의 모든 구성 요소가 별표 (*) 로 구분되어 있으며, Hashcat 이 처리할 준비가 되어 있습니다.

WPA*02*b8f824b4455989a145a3341063834763*001122334455*aabbccddeeff*LabEx-Net*0103005f90020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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WPA WPA2 에 대한 올바른 해시 모드 선택

이 단계에서는 Hashcat 에게 어떤 유형의 해시를 크래킹하려는지 알려줘야 합니다. Hashcat 은 수백 가지의 다양한 해시 알고리즘을 지원하며, 각 알고리즘은 고유한 모드 번호로 식별됩니다.

.hc22000 파일에 대한 올바른 모드를 찾기 위해 Hashcat 의 도움말 메뉴를 참조할 수 있습니다. grep 명령을 사용하여 "WPA"에 대한 출력을 필터링하여 필요한 것을 빠르게 찾을 것입니다.

터미널에서 다음 명령을 실행합니다.

hashcat --help | grep "WPA"

이 명령은 WPA/WPA2와 관련된 모든 해시 모드를 표시합니다.

...
22000 | WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL      | Network Protocols
...

출력에서 WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL에 대한 모드가 22000임을 알 수 있습니다. 이것은 .hc22000 파일에 대해 특별히 설계된 모드로, 완전한 EAPOL 핸드셰이크 또는 PMKID 를 포함할 수 있습니다. 이것이 다음 단계에서 사용할 모드입니다.

핸드셰이크 파일에 대한 사전 공격 실행

이 단계에서는 Hashcat 을 사용하여 사전 공격을 실행합니다. 필요한 모든 구성 요소 (해시 파일, 단어 목록, 올바른 해시 모드) 를 갖추었습니다.

사전 공격은 wordlist.txt에서 각 단어를 가져와 해시하고 handshake.hc22000의 해시와 비교하는 방식으로 작동합니다.

전체 명령을 구성해 보겠습니다. 이전 단계에서 찾은 모드를 지정하기 위해 -m 플래그를 사용합니다.

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 wordlist.txt

이 명령을 분석해 보겠습니다.

• hashcat: 실행하는 프로그램입니다.
• -m 22000: 해시 모드 (WPA/WPA2) 를 지정합니다.
• handshake.hc22000: 크래킹하려는 대상 해시 파일입니다.
• wordlist.txt: 비밀번호 후보가 포함된 사전 파일입니다.

이제 명령을 실행합니다. Hashcat 이 시작되고 백엔드를 초기화하며 공격을 시작합니다.

hashcat (v6.2.x) starting...

...

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Running
Hash.Name........: WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL
Hash.Target......: handshake.hc22000
Time.Started.....: ...
Time.Estimated...: ...
Guess.Base.......: File (wordlist.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.#1.........:   XXXXX H/s (XX.xxms) @ Accel:X Loops:X
Recovered........: 0/1 (0.00%) Digests, 0/1 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 7/7 (100.00%)
Rejected.........: 0/7 (0.00%)
Restore.Point....: 7/7 (100.00%)
Restore.Sub.#1...: Salt:0 Amplifier:0-1 Iteration:0-1
Candidates.#1....: test -> root
Hardware.Mon.#1..: Temp: Xc Fan: X% Util: X% Core:XMHz Mem:XMHz Bus:X

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Cracked
...

잠시 후 상태가 Running에서 Cracked로 변경됩니다. 이는 Hashcat 이 단어 목록에서 비밀번호를 성공적으로 찾았음을 나타냅니다.

크랙된 사전 공유 키 (Pre-Shared Key) 확인

이 단계에서는 Hashcat 이 성공적으로 복구한 비밀번호를 확인합니다.

Hashcat 이 해시를 크랙하면 결과를 "potfile"이라는 파일에 저장합니다 (기본적으로 ~/.local/share/hashcat/hashcat.potfile에 위치). 이렇게 하면 동일한 해시를 다시 크랙하는 데 시간을 낭비하는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.

크랙된 비밀번호를 확인하는 가장 쉬운 방법은 Hashcat 의 --show 옵션을 사용하는 것입니다. 이 명령은 입력 해시 파일에 해당하는 크랙된 해시가 있는지 potfile 을 확인하고 표시합니다.

다음 명령을 실행합니다.

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 --show

출력에는 파일의 원본 해시 문자열, 콜론, 그리고 크랙된 일반 텍스트 비밀번호가 표시됩니다.

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요약

실습을 완료하신 것을 축하드립니다! Hashcat 을 사용하여 WPA/WPA2 사전 공유 키 (Pre-Shared Key) 를 성공적으로 크랙했습니다.

이 실습에서는 다음을 배웠습니다.

• WPA/WPA2 핸드셰이크 크래킹 공격의 기본 원리 이해
• Hashcat 에서 사용하는 .hc22000 파일 형식 인식
• WPA/WPA2 공격에 대한 올바른 Hashcat 모드 (-m 22000) 식별
• 해시 파일과 단어 목록을 사용하여 사전 공격 실행
• --show 명령을 사용하여 복구된 비밀번호 확인

이 연습은 간단한 비밀번호는 사전 공격으로 쉽게 발견될 수 있으므로 Wi-Fi 네트워크에 강력하고 복잡한 비밀번호를 사용하는 것의 중요성을 보여줍니다. 이제 다른 공격 모드 (예: 무차별 대입 공격) 및 규칙 기반 공격과 같은 고급 Hashcat 기능을 탐색할 수 있습니다.