Quebrar Handshakes WPA WPA2 no Hashcat

Introdução

WPA/WPA2 é um protocolo de segurança comum usado para proteger redes sem fio. No entanto, se uma chave pré-compartilhada (PSK) fraca for usada, ela pode ser vulnerável a ataques de cracking offline. Este processo envolve a captura de um "handshake" que ocorre quando um dispositivo se conecta à rede e, em seguida, o uso de uma ferramenta para adivinhar a senha.

Neste laboratório, você aprenderá a usar o Hashcat, uma das ferramentas de recuperação de senhas mais rápidas e avançadas do mundo, para quebrar um handshake WPA/WPA2. Usaremos um arquivo de handshake pré-capturado e uma wordlist simples para simular um cenário do mundo real. Ao final deste laboratório, você entenderá os passos fundamentais de um ataque de dicionário contra uma rede Wi-Fi.

Compreender o Processo de Cracking WPA WPA2

Nesta etapa, abordaremos a teoria por trás do cracking de uma rede WPA/WPA2. Essa compreensão conceitual é crucial antes de mergulharmos nos comandos práticos.

A segurança de uma rede WPA/WPA2 depende de uma Chave Pré-Compartilhada (PSK - Pre-Shared Key), que é a senha do Wi-Fi que você insere para se conectar. Quando um novo dispositivo se conecta à rede, ele realiza um "handshake de 4 vias" com o ponto de acesso (roteador) para verificar se tanto o dispositivo quanto a rede possuem a PSK correta.

Este processo de handshake é o que nos interessa. As mensagens trocadas durante o handshake contêm uma versão com hash da PSK. Elas não contêm a senha em texto puro.

O processo de cracking funciona da seguinte forma:

1. Captura: Um atacante captura os pacotes do handshake de 4 vias do ar.
2. Ataque Offline: O handshake capturado é salvo em um arquivo.
3. Adivinhar e Comparar: Uma ferramenta como o Hashcat pega uma tentativa de senha de uma wordlist, aplica o mesmo algoritmo de hashing complexo que o roteador usa e compara o resultado com o hash no arquivo capturado.
4. Correspondência: Se os hashes corresponderem, a senha adivinhada é a correta.

Isso é chamado de "ataque de dicionário offline" porque o cracking ocorre no próprio computador do atacante, sem qualquer interação adicional com a rede ativa, usando um dicionário (wordlist) de senhas possíveis.

Este laboratório se concentrará nas etapas 3 e 4, utilizando um arquivo de handshake pré-capturado.

Examinar o Arquivo Handshake Pronto para Hashcat

Nesta etapa, examinaremos os arquivos preparados para nossa sessão de cracking. Para um ataque eficiente, o Hashcat requer que o handshake capturado esteja em um formato específico, .hc22000.

Para este laboratório, um arquivo chamado handshake.hc22000 já foi criado e colocado em seu diretório ~/project. Este arquivo contém todas as informações necessárias de um handshake de 4 vias (como endereços MAC, nonces e a PSK com hash) em um formato altamente otimizado para o Hashcat.

Primeiro, vamos verificar se o arquivo handshake e nossa wordlist existem. Use o comando ls -l para listar os arquivos no diretório atual.

ls -l

Você deverá ver o arquivo handshake.hc22000 e o arquivo wordlist.txt.

-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex  311 Dec 01 12:00 handshake.hc22000
-rw-r--r-- 1 labex labex   45 Dec 01 12:00 wordlist.txt

Você também pode visualizar o conteúdo do arquivo handshake.hc22000 usando o comando cat.

cat handshake.hc22000

A saída será uma única linha de texto que não é facilmente legível por humanos. Esta string contém todos os componentes do handshake, separados por asteriscos (*), prontos para serem processados pelo Hashcat.

WPA*02*b8f824b4455989a145a3341063834763*001122334455*aabbccddeeff*LabEx-Net*0103005f90020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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Selecionar o Modo de Hash Correto para WPA WPA2

Nesta etapa, precisamos informar ao Hashcat qual tipo de hash estamos tentando quebrar. O Hashcat suporta centenas de algoritmos de hash diferentes, e cada um é identificado por um número de modo exclusivo.

Para encontrar o modo correto para nosso arquivo .hc22000, podemos consultar o menu de ajuda do Hashcat. Usaremos o comando grep para filtrar a saída por "WPA" e encontrar rapidamente o que precisamos.

Execute o seguinte comando no seu terminal:

hashcat --help | grep "WPA"

Este comando exibirá todos os modos de hash relacionados ao WPA/WPA2.

...
22000 | WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL      | Network Protocols
...

A partir da saída, podemos ver que o modo para WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL é 22000. Este é o modo projetado especificamente para arquivos .hc22000, que podem conter um handshake EAPOL completo ou um PMKID. Este é o modo que usaremos na próxima etapa.

Lançar um Ataque de Dicionário no Arquivo Handshake

Nesta etapa, lançaremos o ataque de dicionário usando o Hashcat. Temos todos os componentes necessários: o arquivo hash, a wordlist e o modo de hash correto.

Um ataque de dicionário funciona pegando cada palavra de nossa wordlist.txt, aplicando o hash a ela e comparando-a com o hash em handshake.hc22000.

Vamos construir o comando completo. Usaremos o sinalizador -m para especificar o modo que encontramos na etapa anterior.

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 wordlist.txt

Vamos detalhar este comando:

• hashcat: O programa que estamos executando.
• -m 22000: Especifica o modo de hash (WPA/WPA2).
• handshake.hc22000: O arquivo hash alvo que queremos quebrar.
• wordlist.txt: O arquivo de dicionário contendo os candidatos a senha.

Agora, execute o comando. O Hashcat iniciará, inicializará seu backend e começará o ataque.

hashcat (v6.2.x) starting...

...

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Running
Hash.Name........: WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL
Hash.Target......: handshake.hc22000
Time.Started.....: ...
Time.Estimated...: ...
Guess.Base.......: File (wordlist.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.#1.........:   XXXXX H/s (XX.xxms) @ Accel:X Loops:X
Recovered........: 0/1 (0.00%) Digests, 0/1 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 7/7 (100.00%)
Rejected.........: 0/7 (0.00%)
Restore.Point....: 7/7 (100.00%)
Restore.Sub.#1...: Salt:0 Amplifier:0-1 Iteration:0-1
Candidates.#1....: test -> root
Hardware.Mon.#1..: Temp: Xc Fan: X% Util: X% Core:XMHz Mem:XMHz Bus:X

Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Cracked
...

Após alguns momentos, o status mudará de Running para Cracked. Isso indica que o Hashcat encontrou com sucesso a senha em sua wordlist.

Identificar a Chave Pré-Compartilhada Quebrada

Nesta etapa, visualizaremos a senha que o Hashcat recuperou com sucesso.

Quando o Hashcat quebra um hash, ele salva o resultado em um arquivo chamado "potfile" (localizado em ~/.local/share/hashcat/hashcat.potfile por padrão). Isso evita que você perca tempo quebrando o mesmo hash novamente no futuro.

A maneira mais fácil de ver a senha quebrada é usar a opção --show do Hashcat. Este comando verifica o potfile em busca de quaisquer hashes quebrados que correspondam ao arquivo hash de entrada e os exibe.

Execute o seguinte comando:

hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 --show

A saída exibirá a string de hash original do seu arquivo, seguida por dois pontos e, em seguida, a senha em texto plano quebrada.

WPA*02*b8f824b4455989a145a3341063834763*001122334455*aabbccddeeff*LabEx-Net*0103005f90020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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Resumo

Parabéns por completar este laboratório! Você quebrou com sucesso uma chave pré-compartilhada WPA/WPA2 usando o Hashcat.

Neste laboratório, você aprendeu a:

• Compreender o princípio básico de um ataque de quebra de handshake WPA/WPA2.
• Reconhecer o formato de arquivo .hc22000 usado pelo Hashcat.
• Identificar o modo correto do Hashcat (-m 22000) para ataques WPA/WPA2.
• Lançar um ataque de dicionário usando um arquivo hash e uma wordlist.
• Visualizar a senha recuperada usando o comando --show.

Este exercício demonstra a importância de usar senhas fortes e complexas para sua rede Wi-Fi, pois senhas simples podem ser facilmente descobertas com ataques de dicionário. Agora você pode explorar recursos mais avançados do Hashcat, como diferentes modos de ataque (como força bruta) e ataques baseados em regras.