Box, 스택 및 힙
Rust 의 모든 값은 기본적으로 스택에 할당됩니다. Box<T>를 생성하여 값을 boxing (힙에 할당) 할 수 있습니다. Box 는 T 타입의 힙에 할당된 값을 가리키는 스마트 포인터입니다. Box 가 scope 밖으로 벗어날 때 소멸자가 호출되고, 내부 객체가 파괴되며, 힙의 메모리가 해제됩니다.
Box 된 값은 * 연산자를 사용하여 역참조 (dereference) 할 수 있습니다. 이는 간접 참조의 한 단계를 제거합니다.
use std::mem;
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct Point {
x: f64,
y: f64,
}
// A Rectangle can be specified by where its top left and bottom right
// corners are in space
#[allow(dead_code)]
struct Rectangle {
top_left: Point,
bottom_right: Point,
}
fn origin() -> Point {
Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 }
}
fn boxed_origin() -> Box<Point> {
// Allocate this point on the heap, and return a pointer to it
Box::new(Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 })
}
fn main() {
// (all the type annotations are superfluous)
// Stack allocated variables
let point: Point = origin();
let rectangle: Rectangle = Rectangle {
top_left: origin(),
bottom_right: Point { x: 3.0, y: -4.0 }
};
// Heap allocated rectangle
let boxed_rectangle: Box<Rectangle> = Box::new(Rectangle {
top_left: origin(),
bottom_right: Point { x: 3.0, y: -4.0 },
});
// The output of functions can be boxed
let boxed_point: Box<Point> = Box::new(origin());
// Double indirection
let box_in_a_box: Box<Box<Point>> = Box::new(boxed_origin());
println!("Point occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&point));
println!("Rectangle occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&rectangle));
// box size == pointer size
println!("Boxed point occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&boxed_point));
println!("Boxed rectangle occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&boxed_rectangle));
println!("Boxed box occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&box_in_a_box));
// Copy the data contained in `boxed_point` into `unboxed_point`
let unboxed_point: Point = *boxed_point;
println!("Unboxed point occupies {} bytes on the stack",
mem::size_of_val(&unboxed_point));
}