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在这个项目中，我们将把使用 Pygame 库创建一个简单的《飞扬的小鸟》游戏的代码分解为可管理的步骤。通过遵循这些步骤，你将学习如何逐步构建这个游戏。每个步骤都将包括简要解释、代码块和注释，以帮助你理解和实现这个游戏。让我们开始吧！
在这个项目中，你将学习：
完成这个项目后，你将能够：
首先，我们将为《飞扬的小鸟》游戏创建项目文件。
cd ~/project
touch flappy.py
sudo pip install pygame在这一步中，我们将设置基本的项目结构并导入必要的库。我们还将定义一些常量并加载初始游戏资源。
from itertools import cycle
import random
import sys
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
FPS = 30
SCREENWIDTH = 288
SCREENHEIGHT = 512
PIPEGAPSIZE = 100 ## 管道上下部分之间的间隙
BASEY = SCREENHEIGHT * 0.79
## 图像和碰撞掩码字典
IMAGES, HITMASKS = {}, {}
## 所有可能的玩家列表（翅膀扇动的3个位置的元组）
PLAYERS_LIST = (
## 红色小鸟
(
"data/sprites/redbird-upflap.png",
"data/sprites/redbird-midflap.png",
"data/sprites/redbird-downflap.png",
),
## 蓝色小鸟
(
"data/sprites/bluebird-upflap.png",
"data/sprites/bluebird-midflap.png",
"data/sprites/bluebird-downflap.png",
),
## 黄色小鸟
(
"data/sprites/yellowbird-upflap.png",
"data/sprites/yellowbird-midflap.png",
"data/sprites/yellowbird-downflap.png",
),
)
## 背景列表
BACKGROUNDS_LIST = (
"data/sprites/background-day.png",
"data/sprites/background-night.png",
)
## 管道列表
PIPES_LIST = (
"data/sprites/pipe-green.png",
"data/sprites/pipe-red.png",
)pygame、用于生成随机元素的random、用于系统相关函数的sys以及用于按键常量的pygame.locals。pygame.init()初始化Pygame。FPS、SCREENWIDTH、SCREENHEIGHT、PIPEGAPSIZE和BASEY等常量，以设置游戏的尺寸和速度。IMAGES和HITMASKS）来存储游戏资源。在这一步中，我们将创建《飞扬的小鸟》游戏的欢迎屏幕动画。
def showWelcomeAnimation():
"""展示飞扬的小鸟的欢迎屏幕动画"""
## 要在屏幕上绘制的玩家索引
playerIndex = 0
playerIndexGen = cycle([0, 1, 2, 1])
## 用于在每第5次迭代后更改playerIndex的迭代器
loopIter = 0
playerx = int(SCREENWIDTH * 0.2)
playery = int((SCREENHEIGHT - IMAGES["player"][0].get_height()) / 2)
messagex = int((SCREENWIDTH - IMAGES["message"].get_width()) / 2)
messagey = int(SCREENHEIGHT * 0.12)
basex = 0
## 基地可以向左最大移动的量
baseShift = IMAGES["base"].get_width() - IMAGES["background"].get_width()
## 玩家在欢迎屏幕上上下移动的共享内存值
playerShmVals = {"val": 0, "dir": 1}
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT or (event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type == KEYDOWN and (event.key == K_SPACE or event.key == K_UP):
## 发出第一次拍打声音并返回主游戏的值
return {
"playery": playery + playerShmVals["val"],
"basex": basex,
"playerIndexGen": playerIndexGen,
}
## 调整playery、playerIndex、basex
if (loopIter + 1) % 5 == 0:
playerIndex = next(playerIndexGen)
loopIter = (loopIter + 1) % 30
basex = -((-basex + 4) % baseShift)
playerShm(playerShmVals)
## 绘制精灵
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["background"], (0, 0))
SCREEN.blit(
IMAGES["player"][playerIndex], (playerx, playery + playerShmVals["val"])
)
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["message"], (messagex, messagey))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["base"], (basex, BASEY))
pygame.display.update()
FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)showWelcomeAnimation函数。pygame.display.update()函数用于更新显示，FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)控制帧率。在这一步中，我们将实现《飞扬的小鸟》的主游戏逻辑。
def mainGame(movementInfo):
score = playerIndex = loopIter = 0
playerIndexGen = movementInfo["playerIndexGen"]
playerx, playery = int(SCREENWIDTH * 0.2), movementInfo["playery"]
basex = movementInfo["basex"]
baseShift = IMAGES["base"].get_width() - IMAGES["background"].get_width()
## 获取2个新管道以添加到上管道和下管道列表中
newPipe1 = getRandomPipe()
newPipe2 = getRandomPipe()
## 上管道列表
upperPipes = [
{"x": SCREENWIDTH + 200, "y": newPipe1[0]["y"]},
{"x": SCREENWIDTH + 200 + (SCREENWIDTH / 2), "y": newPipe2[0]["y"]},
]
## 下管道列表
lowerPipes = [
{"x": SCREENWIDTH + 200, "y": newPipe1[1]["y"]},
{"x": SCREENWIDTH + 200 + (SCREENWIDTH / 2), "y": newPipe2[1]["y"]},
]
dt = FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS) / 1000
pipeVelX = -128 * dt
## 玩家速度、最大速度、向下加速度、拍打时的加速度
playerVelY = -9 ## 玩家沿Y轴的速度，默认与玩家拍打时相同
playerMaxVelY = 10 ## 沿Y轴的最大速度，最大下降速度
playerMinVelY = -8 ## 沿Y轴的最小速度，最大上升速度
playerAccY = 1 ## 玩家向下的加速度
playerRot = 45 ## 玩家的旋转角度
playerVelRot = 3 ## 角速度
playerRotThr = 20 ## 旋转阈值
playerFlapAcc = -9 ## 玩家拍打时的速度
playerFlapped = False ## 玩家拍打时为True
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT or (event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type == KEYDOWN and (event.key == K_SPACE or event.key == K_UP):
if playery > -2 * IMAGES["player"][0].get_height():
playerVelY = playerFlapAcc
playerFlapped = True
## 在此处检查碰撞
crashTest = checkCrash(
{"x": playerx, "y": playery, "index": playerIndex}, upperPipes, lowerPipes
)
if crashTest[0]:
return {
"y": playery,
"groundCrash": crashTest[1],
"basex": basex,
"upperPipes": upperPipes,
"lowerPipes": lowerPipes,
"score": score,
"playerVelY": playerVelY,
"playerRot": playerRot,
}
## 检查得分
playerMidPos = playerx + IMAGES["player"][0].get_width() / 2
for pipe in upperPipes:
pipeMidPos = pipe["x"] + IMAGES["pipe"][0].get_width() / 2
if pipeMidPos <= playerMidPos < pipeMidPos + 4:
score += 1
## playerIndex和basex变化
if (loopIter + 1) % 3 == 0:
playerIndex = next(playerIndexGen)
loopIter = (loopIter + 1) % 30
basex = -((-basex + 100) % baseShift)
## 旋转玩家
if playerRot > -90:
playerRot -= playerVelRot
## 玩家的移动
if playerVelY < playerMaxVelY and not playerFlapped:
playerVelY += playerAccY
if playerFlapped:
playerFlapped = False
## 更多旋转以覆盖阈值（在可见旋转中计算）
playerRot = 45
playerHeight = IMAGES["player"][playerIndex].get_height()
playery += min(playerVelY, BASEY - playery - playerHeight)
## 将管道向左移动
for uPipe, lPipe in zip(upperPipes, lowerPipes):
uPipe["x"] += pipeVelX
lPipe["x"] += pipeVelX
## 当第一个管道即将接触屏幕左侧时添加新管道
if 3 > len(upperPipes) > 0 and 0 < upperPipes[0]["x"] < 5:
newPipe = getRandomPipe()
upperPipes.append(newPipe[0])
lowerPipes.append(newPipe[1])
## 如果第一个管道超出屏幕范围，则将其移除
if len(upperPipes) > 0 and upperPipes[0]["x"] < -IMAGES["pipe"][0].get_width():
upperPipes.pop(0)
lowerPipes.pop(0)
## 绘制精灵
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["background"], (0, 0))
for uPipe, lPipe in zip(upperPipes, lowerPipes):
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["pipe"][0], (uPipe["x"], uPipe["y"]))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["pipe"][1], (lPipe["x"], lPipe["y"]))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["base"], (basex, BASEY))
## 显示得分，以便玩家覆盖得分
showScore(score)
## 玩家旋转有一个阈值
visibleRot = playerRotThr
if playerRot <= playerRotThr:
visibleRot = playerRot
playerSurface = pygame.transform.rotate(
IMAGES["player"][playerIndex], visibleRot
)
SCREEN.blit(playerSurface, (playerx, playery))
pygame.display.update()
FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)mainGame函数，其中包含《飞扬的小鸟》游戏的核心逻辑。在这一步中，我们将创建玩家失败时出现的游戏结束屏幕。
def showGameOverScreen(crashInfo):
"""使玩家向下坠落并显示游戏结束画面"""
score = crashInfo["score"]
playerx = SCREENWIDTH * 0.2
playery = crashInfo["y"]
playerHeight = IMAGES["player"][0].get_height()
playerVelY = crashInfo["playerVelY"]
playerAccY = 2
playerRot = crashInfo["playerRot"]
playerVelRot = 7
basex = crashInfo["basex"]
upperPipes, lowerPipes = crashInfo["upperPipes"], crashInfo["lowerPipes"]
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT or (event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_ESCAPE):
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type == KEYDOWN and (event.key == K_SPACE or event.key == K_UP):
if playery + playerHeight >= BASEY - 1:
return
## 玩家y轴移动
if playery + playerHeight < BASEY - 1:
playery += min(playerVelY, BASEY - playery - playerHeight)
## 玩家速度变化
if playerVelY < 15:
playerVelY += playerAccY
## 仅在与管道碰撞时旋转
if not crashInfo["groundCrash"]:
if playerRot > -90:
playerRot -= playerVelRot
## 绘制精灵
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["background"], (0, 0))
for uPipe, lPipe in zip(upperPipes, lowerPipes):
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["pipe"][0], (uPipe["x"], uPipe["y"]))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["pipe"][1], (lPipe["x"], lPipe["y"]))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["base"], (basex, BASEY))
显示得分(score)
playerSurface = pygame.transform.rotate(IMAGES["player"][1], playerRot)
SCREEN.blit(playerSurface, (playerx, playery))
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["gameover"], (50, 180))
FPSCLOCK.tick(FPS)
pygame.display.update()showGameOverScreen函数在玩家失败时显示游戏结束屏幕。在这一步中，我们定义游戏中使用的辅助函数。
def playerShm(playerShm):
"""在8和 -8之间振荡playerShm['val']的值"""
if abs(playerShm["val"]) == 8:
playerShm["dir"] *= -1
if playerShm["dir"] == 1:
playerShm["val"] += 1
else:
playerShm["val"] -= 1
def getRandomPipe():
"""返回一个随机生成的管道"""
## 上下管道之间间隙的y坐标
gapY = random.randrange(0, int(BASEY * 0.6 - PIPEGAPSIZE))
gapY += int(BASEY * 0.2)
pipeHeight = IMAGES["pipe"][0].get_height()
pipeX = SCREENWIDTH + 10
return [
{"x": pipeX, "y": gapY - pipeHeight}, ## 上管道
{"x": pipeX, "y": gapY + PIPEGAPSIZE}, ## 下管道
]
def showScore(score):
"""在屏幕中心显示分数"""
scoreDigits = [int(x) for x in list(str(score))]
totalWidth = 0 ## 要打印的所有数字的总宽度
for digit in scoreDigits:
totalWidth += IMAGES["numbers"][digit].get_width()
Xoffset = (SCREENWIDTH - totalWidth) / 2
for digit in scoreDigits:
SCREEN.blit(IMAGES["numbers"][digit], (Xoffset, SCREENHEIGHT * 0.1))
Xoffset += IMAGES["numbers"][digit].get_width()
def checkCrash(player, upperPipes, lowerPipes):
"""如果玩家与地面或管道碰撞，则返回True"""
pi = player["index"]
player["w"] = IMAGES["player"][0].get_width()
player["h"] = IMAGES["player"][0].get_height()
## 如果玩家撞到地面
if player["y"] + player["h"] >= BASEY - 1:
return [True, True]
else:
playerRect = pygame.Rect(player["x"], player["y"], player["w"], player["h"])
pipeW = IMAGES["pipe"][0].get_width()
pipeH = IMAGES["pipe"][0].get_height()
for uPipe, lPipe in zip(upperPipes, lowerPipes):
## 上管道和下管道的矩形
uPipeRect = pygame.Rect(uPipe["x"], uPipe["y"], pipeW, pipeH)
lPipeRect = pygame.Rect(lPipe["x"], lPipe["y"], pipeW, pipeH)
## 玩家与上/下管道的碰撞掩码
pHitMask = HITMASKS["player"][pi]
uHitmask = HITMASKS["pipe"][0]
lHitmask = HITMASKS["pipe"][1]
## 如果小鸟与上管道或下管道碰撞
uCollide = pixelCollision(playerRect, uPipeRect, pHitMask, uHitmask)
lCollide = pixelCollision(playerRect, lPipeRect, pHitMask, lHitmask)
if uCollide or lCollide:
return [True, False]
return [False, False]
def pixelCollision(rect1, rect2, hitmask1, hitmask2):
"""检查两个物体是否碰撞，而不仅仅是它们的矩形"""
rect = rect1.clip(rect2)
if rect.width == 0 or rect.height == 0:
return False
x1, y1 = rect.x - rect1.x, rect.y - rect1.y
x2, y2 = rect.x - rect2.x, rect.y - rect2.y
for x in range(rect.width):
for y in range(rect.height):
if hitmask1[x1 + x][y1 + y] and hitmask2[x2 + x][y2 + y]:
return True
return False
def getHitmask(image):
"""使用图像的透明度返回一个碰撞掩码"""
mask = []
for x in range(image.get_width()):
mask.append([])
for y in range(image.get_height()):
mask[x].append(bool(image.get_at((x, y))[3]))
return maskplayerShm函数在8和 -8之间振荡playerShm["val"]的值。这用于在欢迎屏幕上使小鸟上下移动。getRandomPipe函数返回一个随机生成的管道。它在上管道和下管道之间生成一个随机间隙。showScore函数在屏幕中心显示分数。它使用IMAGES["numbers"]列表来显示分数。checkCrash函数如果玩家与地面或管道碰撞，则返回True。它使用pixelCollision函数来检查碰撞。pixelCollision函数检查两个物体是否碰撞，而不仅仅是它们的矩形。它使用getHitmask函数来获取玩家和管道的碰撞掩码。getHitmask函数使用图像的透明度返回一个碰撞掩码。它使用image.get_at函数获取图像中每个像素的透明度值。在这一步中，我们定义主函数，该函数初始化游戏并启动游戏循环。
def main():
global SCREEN, FPSCLOCK
pygame.init()
FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
SCREEN = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREENWIDTH, SCREENHEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption("Flappy Bird")
## 用于显示分数的数字精灵
IMAGES["numbers"] = (
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/0.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/1.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/2.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/3.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/4.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/5.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/6.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/7.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/8.png").convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load("data/sprites/9.png").convert_alpha(),
)
## 游戏结束精灵
IMAGES["gameover"] = pygame.image.load("data/sprites/gameover.png").convert_alpha()
## 欢迎屏幕的消息精灵
IMAGES["message"] = pygame.image.load("data/sprites/message.png").convert_alpha()
## 基地（地面）精灵
IMAGES["base"] = pygame.image.load("data/sprites/base.png").convert_alpha()
while True:
## 选择随机的背景精灵
randBg = random.randint(0, len(BACKGROUNDS_LIST) - 1)
IMAGES["background"] = pygame.image.load(BACKGROUNDS_LIST[randBg]).convert()
## 选择随机的玩家精灵
randPlayer = random.randint(0, len(PLAYERS_LIST) - 1)
IMAGES["player"] = (
pygame.image.load(PLAYERS_LIST[randPlayer][0]).convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load(PLAYERS_LIST[randPlayer][1]).convert_alpha(),
pygame.image.load(PLAYERS_LIST[randPlayer][2]).convert_alpha(),
)
## 选择随机的管道精灵
pipeindex = random.randint(0, len(PIPES_LIST) - 1)
IMAGES["pipe"] = (
pygame.transform.flip(
pygame.image.load(PIPES_LIST[pipeindex]).convert_alpha(), False, True
),
pygame.image.load(PIPES_LIST[pipeindex]).convert_alpha(),
)
## 管道的碰撞掩码
HITMASKS["pipe"] = (
getHitmask(IMAGES["pipe"][0]),
getHitmask(IMAGES["pipe"][1]),
)
## 玩家的碰撞掩码
HITMASKS["player"] = (
getHitmask(IMAGES["player"][0]),
getHitmask(IMAGES["player"][1]),
getHitmask(IMAGES["player"][2]),
)
movementInfo = showWelcomeAnimation()
crashInfo = mainGame(movementInfo)
showGameOverScreen(crashInfo)main函数初始化游戏，设置显示，并启动游戏循环。在这一步中，我们将运行《飞扬的小鸟》游戏。
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()__name__ == "__main__" 条件用于检查当前模块是被直接运行还是被其他模块导入。main 函数来启动游戏。完成所有步骤后，你可以使用以下命令运行《飞扬的小鸟》游戏：
cd ~/project
python flappy.py在这个项目中，我们将《飞扬的小鸟》游戏代码拆分为多个步骤，并对每个步骤都进行了解释。你已经学会了如何创建一个基本的游戏结构、处理玩家输入、更新游戏状态、检查碰撞以及显示游戏屏幕。现在你可以使用提供的代码来运行和玩《飞扬的小鸟》游戏了。享受你的游戏开发之旅吧！
