Efficient File Reading in Rust

Introduction

In this lab, we are given a naive implementation and a more efficient implementation for reading lines from a file in Rust. The naive approach uses read_to_string to read the file into a single string and then splits it into lines, while the more efficient approach uses a BufReader to read the file line by line without loading the entire contents into memory.

Note: If the lab does not specify a file name, you can use any file name you want. For example, you can use main.rs, compile and run it with rustc main.rs && ./main.

Skills Graph

%%%%{init: {'theme':'neutral'}}%%%% flowchart RL rust(("`Rust`")) -.-> rust/BasicConceptsGroup(["`Basic Concepts`"]) rust(("`Rust`")) -.-> rust/ControlStructuresGroup(["`Control Structures`"]) rust(("`Rust`")) -.-> rust/FunctionsandClosuresGroup(["`Functions and Closures`"]) rust(("`Rust`")) -.-> rust/DataStructuresandEnumsGroup(["`Data Structures and Enums`"]) rust(("`Rust`")) -.-> rust/AdvancedTopicsGroup(["`Advanced Topics`"]) rust/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> rust/variable_declarations("`Variable Declarations`") rust/BasicConceptsGroup -.-> rust/mutable_variables("`Mutable Variables`") rust/ControlStructuresGroup -.-> rust/for_loop("`for Loop`") rust/FunctionsandClosuresGroup -.-> rust/function_syntax("`Function Syntax`") rust/FunctionsandClosuresGroup -.-> rust/expressions_statements("`Expressions and Statements`") rust/DataStructuresandEnumsGroup -.-> rust/method_syntax("`Method Syntax`") rust/AdvancedTopicsGroup -.-> rust/operator_overloading("`Traits for Operator Overloading`") subgraph Lab Skills rust/variable_declarations -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/mutable_variables -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/for_loop -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/function_syntax -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/expressions_statements -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/method_syntax -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} rust/operator_overloading -.-> lab-99272{{"`Efficient File Reading in Rust`"}} end

`read_lines`

A naive approach

This might be a reasonable first attempt for a beginner's first implementation for reading lines from a file.

use std::fs::read_to_string;

fn read_lines(filename: &str) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut result = Vec::new();

    for line in read_to_string(filename).unwrap().lines() {
        result.push(line.to_string())
    }

    result
}

Since the method lines() returns an iterator over the lines in the file, we can also perform a map inline and collect the results, yielding a more concise and fluent expression.

use std::fs::read_to_string;

fn read_lines(filename: &str) -> Vec<String> {
    read_to_string(filename)
        .unwrap()  // panic on possible file-reading errors
        .lines()  // split the string into an iterator of string slices
        .map(String::from)  // make each slice into a string
        .collect()  // gather them together into a vector
}

Note that in both examples above, we must convert the &str reference returned from lines() to the owned type String, using .to_string() and String::from respectively.

A more efficient approach

Here we pass ownership of the open File to a BufReader struct. BufReader uses an internal buffer to reduce intermediate allocations.

We also update read_lines to return an iterator instead of allocating new String objects in memory for each line.

use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, BufRead};
use std::path::Path;

fn main() {
    // File hosts.txt must exist in the current path
    if let Ok(lines) = read_lines("./hosts.txt") {
        // Consumes the iterator, returns an (Optional) String
        for line in lines {
            if let Ok(ip) = line {
                println!("{}", ip);
            }
        }
    }
}

// The output is wrapped in a Result to allow matching on errors
// Returns an Iterator to the Reader of the lines of the file.
fn read_lines<P>(filename: P) -> io::Result<io::Lines<io::BufReader<File>>>
where P: AsRef<Path>, {
    let file = File::open(filename)?;
    Ok(io::BufReader::new(file).lines())
}

Running this program simply prints the lines individually.

$ echo -e "127.0.0.1\n192.168.0.1\n" > hosts.txt
$ rustc read_lines.rs && ./read_lines
127.0.0.1
192.168.0.1

(Note that since File::open expects a generic AsRef<Path> as argument, we define our generic read_lines() method with the same generic constraint, using the where keyword.)

This process is more efficient than creating a String in memory with all of the file's contents. This can especially cause performance issues when working with larger files.

Summary

Congratulations! You have completed the Read_lines lab. You can practice more labs in LabEx to improve your skills.